The 16th Century was a transitional period between the forms of medieval combat and the beginning of early modern warfare. The gunpowder revolution brought dramatic changes as cannon and simple hand-held weapons proliferated. This period saw the rise of professional standing armies and the resurgence of disciplined infantry formations armed primarily with pikes and supported by gunpowder weapons. Our approach integrates contemporary battle maps, personal accounts, and modern terrain models to reconstruct these transitional battles with accuracy and insight.
The widespread adoption of firearms by European armies created a new tactical dilemma. The previously invulnerable pike formations were now extremely vulnerable to gunpowder weapons, while the musketeers remained vulnerable to enemy cavalry. What was needed was a combined-arms system in which the relative advantages of the musket, pike, cavalry, and artillery could cover each other’s vulnerabilities.
February 2020, Ollantaytambo, Sacred Valley, Peru. I am exploring the site of a 1537 battle between Manco Inca’s indigenous forces and the Spanish Conquistadors under Hernando Pizarro. Part of the Spanish conquest of the New World.
The Battle of Sacsayhuamán was a significant milestone in the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. While the Inca warriors demonstrated bravery and tenacity, they were unable to overcome the superior weaponry and tactics of the Spanish conquistadors. The Spanish victory at Sacsayhuamán ended the Inca attempt to reclaim Cusco.
The Battle of Flodden Field, fought on 9 September 1513, was a major engagement between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, and one of the bloodiest battles in British history. The engagement was part of the larger War of the League of Cambrai, which involved several European powers, including France, England, and Scotland.