After 1945, conflict shifted to wars of liberation, counter-insurgency, and Cold War proxy battles. This category covers campaigns in Indochina, Algeria, Korea, Africa, and beyond—where asymmetric warfare, air mobility, and ideology redefined military strategy. Our studies draw heavily from French, Vietnamese, British, and American sources, combining operational maps with terrain analysis and firsthand visits to post-colonial battlefields that are rarely documented in English. This category also highlights doctrinal evolution and the enduring influence of terrain in guerrilla and conventional operations alike.
April 2025. Ba Khe, near the village of Cát Thịnh, Yên Bái Province, Vietnam. I am exploring the old Route Coloniale 13 west of Yen Bai, retracing the ground fought over during the October 1951 battle for Nghĩa Lộ. This is steep, broken country. The road winds through narrow valleys, overlooked by sharply rising hills, with restricted movement corridors and very little room to manoeuvre once committed.
April 2025. Nà Sản, Vietnam. Our next stop was at the old fortified ‘hedgehog’ of Nà Sản, just east of Son La. The French and Viet Minh fought a massive battle here in late 1952, the outcome of which convinced the French that holding a remote airbase and using superior French firepower to defeat enemy attacks was a valid strategy. Dien Bien Phu says – “Hold my beer!”
April 2025. Tu Lê Valley, Yên Bái Province, Vietnam. I am exploring the site of Major Marcel Bigeard and 6e Bataillon Colonial de Parachutistes (6e BPC) epic stand and fighting withdrawal from Tu Lê in October 1952. In my personal collection, I have a 6e BPC paratroopers beret, so I brought it back here to this famous valley.
Across the Long Tan battlefield, there is very little apparent relief in the terrain. The ground is largely flat and agricultural, with sections planted in rubber trees at varying stages of growth or left fallow.
August 2015, Long Tan Rubber Plantation, Baria-Vung Tau Province, Vietnam. I am standing at the Long Tan Cross memorial to the 18 Australian soldiers killed here during the Battle of Long Tan, 18 August 1966.
Across the Long Tan battlefield, there is very little apparent relief in the terrain. The ground is largely flat and agricultural, with sections planted in rubber trees at varying stages of growth or left fallow.
Modern warfare, as seen on the Eastern Front, is defined by fragile logistics, pervasive drone use, and small, decentralised teams operating with limited support, which forces junior leaders to make rapid decisions under extreme uncertainty. Success depends on cognitive skills over technology, including disciplined situational awareness, procedural identification, adaptive leadership, and the ability to operate independently without reliable resupply, evacuation, or higher command control.
This article explains how machine guns are employed on the battlefield, including the key concepts of cone of fire, beaten zone, grazing fire, enfilade fire, and mutually supporting machine-gun positions. The article forms part of the Tactical Innovations in Warfare series.
In the autumn of 1947, the French Far East Expeditionary Corps launched Operation LÉA, one of the most audacious operations of the Indochina War. The operation aimed to strike deep into the Việt Bắc, the mountainous sanctuary of northern Tonkin, with the explicit objective of capturing Hồ Chí Minh, dismantling the enemy’s political and military command structure, and collapsing the insurgency at its source.
The Battle of Phủ Thông Hoá was a small but significant milestone in the French Indochina War. For the French Foreign Legion, it was yet another heroic but costly defence of an isolated outpost against overwhelming odds. The battle entered Legion folklore alongside legendary stands like Camerone and Bir Hakeim. Although the Legion retained control of the post, it was abandoned a few months later as part of a broader strategic withdrawal.
For the Viet Minh, however, Phủ Thông Hoá held even greater significance. It marked the first time they had attempted a coordinated assault on a fortified French position.
The Battle of Route Coloniale No. 4 (Cao Bang Ridge Disaster) was one of the worst military defeats in the history of colonial wars, with a French force of ~6,000 troops destroyed. The battle took place along a 137km section of RC4 between Lang Son in the south and Cao Bang in the north. The French attempted to evacuate the Cao Bang garrison with support from a relief column. Both forces were destroyed in the jungle-covered mountains around Dong Khé.
Operation HIRONDELLE, 17 July 1953. The French High Command in Indo-China, acting on time-sensitive intelligence, deployed 2000 paratroopers more than 100km behind enemy lines, destroyed a major Viet Minh logistic hub, then deployed another parachute battalion, a mechanised brigade, and a Naval task force to get them out again. All in the space of 72 hours. The operation did not change the course of the war, but demonstrated the decisivenes and agility of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps