Russian Army

My WW1 collection is enormous – hundreds of uniforms, headgear items, combat equipment. Here are just a few pieces.

👉 Explore the companion collection: PART 1. ALLIED POWERS →

The First World War traumatised the nations of Europe – they were never the same again. The armies of 1918 looked very different from those that mobilised in 1914. Brightly coloured uniform items like the French madder red trousers and the Austro-Hungarian pike-grey uniforms gave way to drab greys, khakis and greens that provided at least some camouflage on the deadly battlefield. Napoleonic holdovers like the French curaissier uniforms of 1914 were gone. The soft and often decorative forms headgear that all armies used in 1914 was replaced by protective steel helmets, starting the French Adrian helmet in 1915, and culminating in the silica-nickel-steel German Model 1916/17/18 helmets.

While the basic infantry rifle that most countries remained unchanged throughout the war, the crew-served and heavy weapons saw significant advancement and vastly expanded scale of issue. The Lewis Gun, Browning Automatic Rifle, Madsen Light Machine Gun, and MG08/15 all provided the infantry with mobile firepower that could move with them in the advance. Grenades became a dominant weapon system in trench fighting and bifurcated into ‘defensive’ grenades (large shrapnel with wide lethal zone) and ‘offensive’ grenades (mode explosive and lighter shrapnel). Gas warfare developed rapidly from 1915 onwards, and so did the individual gasmask that every soldier carried.

Trench warfare created new demands for equipment such as lightweight entrenching tools, trench fighting knives and improvised maces . The trench periscope allowed soldiers to view across no-mans land without exposing themselves to enemy fire, and the next logical development was periscope rifle mounts for firing from below cover.

The enormous wartime production of weapons and equipment ensured that First World War matériel remained in widespread service during the Russian Civil War and in numerous inter-war conflicts worldwide.

This selection of WW1 uniforms, weapons and equipment showcases original items from my personal collection.

WW1 German Gewehr 98 Rifle. Mauser, Oberndorf 1914

The Mauser Gewehr 98 was the standard service rifle of the Imperial German Army during the First World War, produced by Mauser at Oberndorf and other arsenals. Chambered in 7.92×57mm, it featured a strong bolt action, long barrel, and excellent accuracy, reflecting German emphasis on marksmanship.

WW1 German Karabiner 98AZ (Kar AZ), Erfurt 1915

The Karabiner 98AZ was a shortened Mauser carbine issued to German cavalry, artillery, engineers, and other specialist troops during the First World War. Chambered in 7.92×57mm, it featured a turned-down bolt handle, stacking hook, and side-mounted sling arrangement suited to mounted and mobile troops. Introduced before the war and widely issued from 1914 onward, the Kar 98AZ balanced compact handling with the reliability of the Mauser bolt-action system.

WW1 German Grabenpanzer (Trench armour) + Stirnpanzer (Helmet front plate). From my personal collection.

This rare example of German personal armour illustrates attempts to provide additional protection for soldiers exposed to intense small-arms and shrapnel fire on the Western Front. The Grabenpanzer, a steel breastplate issued in limited numbers from 1916, was intended primarily for sentries, machine-gun crews, and troops operating in exposed trench positions. The Stirnpanzer, a detachable steel brow plate worn on the Stahlhelm, offered additional frontal protection but was heavy and unpopular for prolonged wear. Together, these items reflect the defensive character of trench warfare and the constant search for practical solutions to battlefield lethality.

WW1 uniform of the Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Südwestafrika

This First World War uniform of the Kaiserliche Schutztruppe für Deutsch-Südwestafrika includes a distinctive slouch hat and leather equipment set worn by German colonial forces in present-day Namibia. The Schutztruppe combined European military traditions with adaptations for service in harsh colonial environments, reflecting the unique character of Germany’s overseas forces. Such uniforms illustrate the global reach of the First World War and the role of colonial troops in campaigns fought far beyond Europe.

WW1 Imperial German Model Fliegerbluse (Pilot tunic), Uhlan pattern tunic (Uhlanka)

This Imperial German Fliegerbluse is a privately purchased pilot’s uniform. The owner was almost certanly a former cavalryman who continued to wear his stylish Uhlanka when he transferred to the Imperial German Air Service.

WW1 Imperial German Model 1907/10 tunic for an Offizierstellerverter, Infantry Regiment 141. From my personal collection.

This Imperial German Model 1907/10 tunic is attributed to an Offizierstellvertreter of Infantry Regiment 141, a senior non-commissioned rank roughly equivalent to a Warrant Officer Class One in Commonwealth armies. The tunic reflects the feldgrau field dress adopted by the German Army before the First World War, emphasising practicality and concealment. Rank insignia and regimental distinctions illustrate the structure and professional cadre that underpinned the Imperial German Army during the conflict.

WW1 Austro-Hungarian Mannlicher Model 1895 Straight-Pull Rifle, From my personal collection

The Mannlicher Model 1895 was the standard service rifle of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War. Designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher, it featured a distinctive straight-pull bolt action that allowed rapid cycling and was chambered in 8×50mmR, later updated to 8×56mmR. Widely issued to infantry and support troops, the rifle served on multiple fronts and became synonymous with Austro-Hungarian forces during the conflict.

WW1 Austro-Hungarian Enlisted Mans Tschako, From my personal collection

The Austro-Hungarian enlisted man’s Tschako was a distinctive service headdress worn by infantry and other line troops in the early stages of the First World War. Derived from nineteenth-century parade and service dress, it combined traditional appearance with practical field use before widespread adoption of steel helmets. Constructed from stiffened cloth or felt with a front plate bearing imperial insignia, it identified branch and allegiance within the k.u.k. Army. As trench warfare intensified from 1915, the Tschako was increasingly replaced by the steel helmet, reflecting the shift toward modern battlefield protection requirements.

WW1 Austro-Hungarian M1917 helmet, From my personal collection

This Austro-Hungarian Model 1917 steel helmet represents the adoption of modern head protection by the Austro-Hungarian Army during the later stages of the First World War. Influenced by German helmet designs, it was introduced to protect soldiers from shell fragments and battlefield debris. The helmet reflects the broader shift toward steel protection across European armies as the realities of industrialised warfare reshaped equipment and soldier survivability.

WW1 Austro-Hungarian M1917 helmet, From my personal collection

Model 1917. Nice Austrian feldbrun, some rust staining across top, excellent liner, with pads and pillows, chinstrap stubs

WW1 Austro-Hungarian Model 1916 infantry tunic. Coarse feldgrau wool. From my personal collection.

This Austro-Hungarian Model 1916 infantry tunic, made from coarse feldgrau wool, represents the simplified field dress introduced during the later years of the First World War. Designed for practicality and mass production, the tunic reflects the material shortages and industrial pressures faced by the Austro-Hungarian Army. Its subdued colour and utilitarian construction illustrate the adaptation of uniforms to the demands of prolonged modern warfare.

WW1 Austro-Hungarian Model 1916 infantry tunic. Coarse feldgrau wool. From my personal collection.

Austro-Hungarian Model 1915 infantry tunic, EM feldgrau, 14th Infantry Regt, black collar tabs, white cellulose stars

WW1 Austro-Hungarian trench dagger. From my personal collection.

This Austro-Hungarian trench fighting dagger reflects the brutal close-quarters combat that characterised much of the First World War. Designed as a compact stabbing weapon, it was intended for use in raids, patrols, and defensive fighting within trench systems. Such daggers were often privately purchased or locally produced and carried alongside standard equipment.

WW1 Ottoman Model 1893 Mauser Rifle.

The Ottoman Model 1893 Mauser was a bolt-action infantry rifle produced by Mauser in Germany for the Ottoman Empire, chambered in 7.65×53mm. It represented a major step in modernising Ottoman infantry armament in the late nineteenth century, featuring a strong bolt system and smokeless powder cartridge. Rifles of this type saw extensive service in the Balkan Wars and the First World War, equipping Ottoman forces across multiple fronts.

WW1 Ottoman Model 1893 Mauser bayonet. From my personal collection.

WW1 Ottoman Model 1893 Mauser bayonet

WW1 Ottoman Enlisted soldier belt. From my personal collection.

WW1 Ottoman Enlisted soldier belt, made to a similar pattern as the German soldier’s belt.

Pattern 1853 Enfield Rifle-Musket, from my personal collection.

The Pattern 1853 Enfield was a muzzle-loading percussion rifle-musket of .577 calibre, manufactured at the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield, and by numerous British contractors. It fired a conical Minié-type bullet and featured rifled grooves that greatly improved accuracy over earlier smoothbore muskets. Widely exported, it became one of the most important infantry weapons of the mid-19th century and saw extensive service in the Crimean War and with both Union and Confederate forces during the American Civil War, as well as in British imperial campaigns. The Enfield was valued for its accuracy, reliability, and effective range compared to earlier infantry arms.

British Pattern 1839 Percussion Musket – the first standard issue percussion musket for the British Army, from my personal collection

The Pattern 1839 musket was a smoothbore percussion infantry arm of .75 calibre and the first percussion musket adopted as a standard issue weapon by the British Army. Manufactured at the Royal Small Arms Factory and by numerous contractors, it fired a round ball using a percussion cap ignition system. The pattern represented a major step in the transition from flintlock to percussion arms, improving reliability and rate of fire. Issued widely during the early Victorian period, it saw service in imperial campaigns before being superseded by the Pattern 1842 and later rifled muskets as small-arms technology advanced.

French Model 1842 Dragoon Rifled Percussion Musket, from my personal collection

The French Model 1842 Dragoon musket was a percussion muzzle-loading firearm originally produced as a smoothbore of approximately 18 mm (.71 calibre) and later rifled to fire a conical Minié-type projectile. Manufactured at French state arsenals including Châtellerault, Saint-Étienne, and Tulle, it represented an important transitional weapon in the evolution of French small arms. Intended for mounted troops but also issued more broadly, rifled examples saw service during mid-19th-century conflicts and remained in use into the early years of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), particularly with reserve and second-line units as more modern breech-loaders entered service.

French Model 1837 Marine Pistol, from my personal collection

The French Model 1837 Marine Pistol was adopted for naval service during the early percussion era. Designed for reliability in maritime conditions, it replaced earlier flintlock patterns with a percussion ignition system less susceptible to moisture. A single-shot, smoothbore pistol of approximately .69 calibre, it featured brass furniture and a robust walnut stock suited to shipboard use. Issued to sailors and marines, it supported close-quarters combat during boarding actions and shore operations. The M1837 reflects the broader nineteenth-century transition from flintlock to percussion arms within the French military system.

Crimean War Sardinian Grenadier Infantry Hanger — “Vive Le Roi de Sardaigne”, from my personal collection

This short infantry sword, or hanger, is engraved “Vive le Roi de Sardaigne,” marking it to the Kingdom of Sardinia, a key ally of Britain and France during the Crimean War (1853–56). Typically carried by grenadier or elite infantry troops, such weapons were intended for close combat and as a symbol of status within the regiment. Manufactured in the mid-19th century and reflecting contemporary European military style, the hanger represents the contribution of Sardinian forces to the allied campaign, particularly their participation alongside French and British troops in the later stages of the war.

French M1837 Naval Cutlass, from my personal collection

The French M1837 Naval Cutlass was introduced to equip sailors and marines for close-quarters combat at sea. Designed as a robust boarding weapon, it featured a broad, slightly curved blade and a blackened, solid brass hilt offering hand protection in confined fighting spaces. Compact and durable, it was suited to shipboard use where space restricted longer weapons. Issued throughout the mid-nineteenth century, the M1837 reflects French naval standardisation during a period of global maritime deployment, colonial operations, and evolving steam-powered fleets. It remained a practical sidearm for naval personnel engaged in boarding, defence, and shore actions.

Crimean War Medal Group to a soldier of the 71st Foot (Highland Light Infantry) Regiment. From my personal collection

This medal group is attributed to Robert Campbell of the 71st and comprises the Crimea Medal, the Indian Mutiny Medal, and the Turkish Crimea Medal. The Crimea Medal was awarded for service in the Crimean War (1853–56), while the Turkish Crimea Medal was issued by the Ottoman Empire to allied troops in recognition of their contribution to the campaign. The Indian Mutiny Medal reflects subsequent service during the Indian Rebellion of 1857–58. Together, the group illustrates the extended operational service of a British rifleman across major mid-19th-century imperial campaigns.

Medal Group, Robert Campbell of the 71st. Crimea Medal, Indian Mutiny Medal. Turkish Crimea Medal.

My WW1 collection is enormous – hundreds of uniforms, headgear items, combat equipment. Here are just a few pieces.

👉 Explore the companion collection: Central Powers →

The First World War traumatised the nations of Europe – they were never the same again. The armies of 1918 looked very different from those that mobilised in 1914. Brightly coloured uniform items like the French madder red trousers and the Austro-Hungarian pike-grey uniforms gave way to drab greys, khakis and greens that provided at least some camouflage on the deadly battlefield. Napoleonic holdovers like the French curaissier uniforms of 1914 were gone. The soft and often decorative forms headgear that all armies used in 1914 was replaced by protective steel helmets, starting the French Adrian helmet in 1915, and culminating in the silica-nickel-steel German Model 1916/17/18 helmets.

While the basic infantry rifle that most countries remained unchanged throughout the war, the crew-served and heavy weapons saw significant advancement and vastly expanded scale of issue. The Lewis Gun, Browning Automatic Rifle, Madsen Light Machine Gun, and MG08/15 all provided the infantry with mobile firepower that could move with them in the advance. Grenades became a dominant weapon system in trench fighting and bifurcated into ‘defensive’ grenades (large shrapnel with wide lethal zone) and ‘offensive’ grenades (mode explosive and lighter shrapnel). Gas warfare developed rapidly from 1915 onwards, and so did the individual gasmask that every soldier carried.

Trench warfare created new demands for equipment such as lightweight entrenching tools, trench fighting knives and improvised maces . The trench periscope allowed soldiers to view across no-mans land without exposing themselves to enemy fire, and the next logical development was periscope rifle mounts for firing from below cover.

The enormous wartime production of weapons and equipment ensured that First World War matériel remained in widespread service during the Russian Civil War and in numerous inter-war conflicts worldwide.

This selection of WW1 uniforms, weapons and equipment showcases original items from my personal collection.

WW1 Australian Rifle No.1 Mk III, Lee-Enfield. Lithgow Small Arms Factory 1916

The Rifle No.1 Mk III Short Magazine Lee-Enfield was the standard service rifle of Australian forces during the First World War, with rifles produced at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory from 1912 onward. Chambered in .303 British, it combined a smooth bolt action with a ten-round magazine, enabling rapid, accurate fire. Rifles dated 1916 equipped Australian troops on the Western Front and in the Middle East, becoming iconic to the AIF.

WW1 Australian Imperial Force, Lieutenant Colonel E.J. Parks Group

1918-dated slouch hat, full-size medals, miniature medals, ribbon bars, hip flask, photos, 2 x Mentioned in Dispatches. From my personal collection.

Parks medal group is 8 x medals:
• Distinguished Service Order
• Military Cross
• 1914-15 Star
• British War Medal
• Victory Medal (with Mentioned in Dispatches oakleaf)
• War Medal 1939-45
• Australian Service Medal 1939-45
• Citizens Military Forces Efficiency Decoration

WW1 Australian uniform, peaked cap, trunk, and doctrine publications, Lieutenant W. G. Sides, 4th Pioneer Battalion. From my personal collection.

This First World War Australian uniform group to Lieutenant W. G. Sides of the 4th Pioneer Battalion includes a service tunic, peaked cap, trunk, and contemporary doctrine publications. Pioneer battalions combined infantry and engineering roles, supporting front-line operations with light engineering, construction, and field works. Named groupings such as this provide valuable insight into the equipment, training, and professional development of Australian officers serving on the Western Front.

WW1 Australian Slouch Hat, 114th Howitzer Battery, Austral Hat Mills 1918. From my personal collection

This Australian First World War slouch hat, manufactured by Austral Hat Mills in 1918 and attributed to the 114th Howitzer Battery, reflects the standard field headdress worn by Australian artillery units. The slouch hat combined practicality with strong national identity, while manufacturer markings illustrate domestic wartime production. Association with an artillery battery highlights the importance of supporting arms within the Australian Imperial Force during the final campaigns.

WW1 Australian Slouch Hat, , 3rd Division AIF

This worn and battered Australian First World War slouch hat is attributed to the 3rd Division, Australian Imperial Force. Unlike other AIF formations, the 3rd Division commonly wore the brim flat, with the Rising Sun badge positioned on the front of the puggaree rather than on the turned-up side. The battered condition reflects prolonged field service and illustrates both the individuality of Australian units and the practical realities of trench warfare on the Western Front.

WW1 Australian Slouch Hat, UK manufactured, stitched edge

This Australian First World War slouch hat, manufactured in the United Kingdom and featuring a stitched edge, represents one of the most recognisable items of Australian military dress. Widely worn by Australian Imperial Force soldiers, the felt hat provided practical protection from sun and weather while maintaining strong national identity. UK production reflects the global industrial effort supporting Dominion forces during the war and the logistical networks that equipped troops serving overseas.

WW1 Australian/British Brodie Helmet Mark 2, 1916, rolled edge. From my personal collection.

The British Brodie Helmet Mark 2 was introduced in 1916 as an improvement over the earlest raw edged helmets. The Brodie provided protection from the growing threat of shell fragments and shrapnel on the Western Front. Designed by John L. Brodie, it featured a shallow steel bowl with a wide brim to provide overhead protection in trench warfare. The Brodie helmet also drew design cues from medieval English helmets of a similar appearance. Widely issued to British and Commonwealth forces, the Brodie became one of the most recognisable symbols of the First World War.

WW1 Australian tunic. Patched to Australian Corps. Dated 1917. From my personal collection.

This distinctive Australian First World War service tunic, dated 1917 and patched to the Australian Corps, reflects the characteristic pea-green wool uniform worn by Australian Imperial Force soldiers on the Western Front. Designed for durability and practicality in trench conditions, the tunic illustrates the evolution of field dress during industrial warfare. Formation patches highlight the emergence of corps-level organisation within the Australian forces during the later stages of the war.

WW1 Australian AIF tunic. Mint, possibly unissued condition. Dated 1918. From my personal collection.

This distinctive Australian First World War service tunic, dated 1918 and is a slightly more khako tone than typical pea-green wool uniform worn by Australian Imperial Force soldiers on the Western Front. Designed for durability and practicality in trench conditions, the tunic illustrates the evolution of field dress during industrial warfare.

WW1 Australian uniform 4th Light Horse Regiment. Lieutenant Albert Ernest Christie. From my personal collection.

This tropical pattern WW1 Australian officer’s uniform belonged to Lieutenant Albert Ernest Christie. He served in the 13th Light Horse Regiment (Australian Corps Cavalry) during WW1 and then served in the 4th Light Horse Regiment during teh inter-war militia period.

WW1 Australian uniform 4th Light Horse Regiment. Lieutenant Albert Ernest Christie. From my personal collection.

This WW1 Australian officer’s service dress tunic belonged to Lieutenant Albert Ernest Christie. He served in the 13th Light Horse Regiment (Australian Corps Cavalry) during WW1 and then served in the 4th Light Horse Regiment during the inter-war militia period.

WW1 Australian Pattern 1908 web equipment set – all components ME & Co or Mills, WW1 dated.

This Australian-issued Pattern 1908 web equipment set represents the standard load-carrying system used by Australian Imperial Force soldiers during the First World War. Manufactured by Mills Equipment Company (ME & Co), the set includes the interconnected webbing components designed to distribute ammunition, tools, and personal equipment evenly across the body, improving mobility and endurance on campaign. The 1908 pattern reflected lessons learned from earlier conflicts and became one of the most influential webbing systems of the twentieth century. Complete, wartime-dated sets are increasingly scarce and illustrate the practical realities of infantry service on campaign.

Rare WW1 Australian Pattern 1908/15 leather equipment set.

This exceptionally rare complete set of Australian Pattern 1908/15 leather equipment represents an early attempt to utilise local leather manufacturing expertise to provide a durable load-carrying system for Australian forces during the First World War. Produced in limited numbers, the leather pattern was soon superseded by webbing equipment, which proved lighter, more practical, and better suited to modern warfare conditions. Surviving complete sets are scarce due to hard service and replacement in the field. The equipment illustrates the transitional nature of military load carriage in the early twentieth century and the rapid adaptation of armies as operational experience highlighted the advantages of webbing systems over traditional leather gear.

WW1 New Zealand Army ‘Lemon Squeezer’ Campaign Hat, Canterbury Regiment, from my personal collection

This First World War New Zealand Army “Lemon Squeezer” campaign hat is attributed to the Canterbury Regiment and represents one of the most distinctive items of New Zealand military dress. Originally developed for mounted troops, the high-peaked felt hat became closely associated with New Zealand forces serving overseas. Its unique shape and regimental pugaree reflect strong unit identity and the adaptation of practical field dress to varied operational environments.

WW1 New Zealand Army Pattern 1902 peaked cap. Wellington Regiment. From from my personal collection

This New Zealand Army Pattern 1902 peaked cap belonged to a soldier in the Wellington Regiment, one of the major formations raised for service during the First World War. The cap reflects the British-influenced uniform styles adopted by Dominion forces, adapted for service both at home and overseas. The Wellington Regiment served with distinction at Gallipoli in 1915, and on the Western Front from 1916-1918.

Extremely rare WW1 NZ P1902 tunic, SGT Hannah, New Zealand Rifle Brigade. From my personal collection.

This extremely rare New Zealand Pattern 1902 tunic is attributed to Sergeant Hannah of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade, New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Based on British service dress patterns, the tunic reflects the uniforms worn by New Zealand troops during the First World War, particularly on the Western Front. Surviving named examples are uncommon and illustrate the contribution of New Zealand forces to the wider Imperial war effort.

WW1 British Pattern 1902 peaked cap, Coldstream Guards. From my personal collection.

The British Pattern 1902 peaked cap was introduced as part of the khaki service dress adopted by the British Army in the early twentieth century. This example, worn by a member of the Coldstream Guards, reflects the transition from colourful Victorian uniforms to more practical field dress suited to modern warfare. The Coldstream Guards served on the Western Front from 1914, and caps of this pattern were worn on active service.

WW1 British Pattern 1902 tunic, Coldstream Guards. From my personal collection.

This British Pattern 1902 tunic, worn by a corporal of the Coldstream Guards, represents the standard service dress introduced for the British Army in the early twentieth century and widely worn during the First World War. Designed for practicality and field service, the khaki wool tunic replaced earlier scarlet uniforms for campaign use. Rank insignia and regimental distinctions reflect the traditions of one of the British Army’s oldest infantry regiments.

WW1 British Brodie Helmet Mark 1, 1915, raw edge. From my personal collection.

The British Brodie Helmet Mark I was introduced in 1915 as a response to the growing threat of shell fragments and shrapnel on the Western Front. Designed by John L. Brodie, it featured a shallow steel bowl with a wide brim to provide overhead protection in trench warfare. Early examples, such as this raw edge helmet, reflect the initial production methods before later refinements. Widely issued to British and Commonwealth forces, the Brodie became one of the most recognisable symbols of the First World War.

WW1 British Private Purchase Orilux Flashlight in Leather Case. From my personal collection.

This British private purchase Orilux flashlight illustrates the growing use of portable electric lighting during the First World War. Often carried by officers, engineers, and troops in specialist roles, such lamps were used for map reading, signalling, and trench work in low-light conditions. Housed in a protective leather case, the Orilux reflects the increasing importance of small technological aids that supported command, communication, and daily life on the battlefield.

Rare WW1 Canadian P1905 Enlisted Peaked Cap and five-button tunic, 27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg). From my personal collection.

This rare Canadian Pattern 1905 enlisted peaked cap and five-button tunic are attributed to the 27th Battalion (City of Winnipeg), Canadian Expeditionary Force. Reflecting early-war Canadian service dress derived from pre-war militia uniforms, the set illustrates the appearance of Canadian soldiers during mobilisation and initial training. Such matched examples are scarce and highlight the strong regimental identity of Canadian units raised for overseas service during the First World War.

WW1 Canadian P1902 five-button tunic, 8th Battalion ‘Little Devils’. From my personal collection.

This Canadian Pattern 1902 five-button tunic is associated with the 8th Battalion (Winnipeg Rifles), known as the “Little Devils,” one of the earliest Canadian Expeditionary Force units to deploy overseas in the First World War. Derived from pre-war militia service dress, the tunic reflects the uniforms worn during the mobilisation period before wartime standardisation took hold. Surviving examples with clear battalion association are uncommon and illustrate the identity of early Canadian formations.

Extremely rare Canadian Pattern 1903 7-Button tunic, 25th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles), CEF

This extremely rare Canadian Pattern 1903 seven-button tunic is attributed to the 25th Battalion (Nova Scotia Rifles) of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. Representing early-war dress derived from pre-war militia patterns, the tunic reflects the transition from traditional uniforms to more practical service dress during the First World War. Surviving examples are scarce, particularly with battalion association, and it illustrates the identity and organisation of Canadian units mobilised for overseas service.

Canadian P1915 Greatcoat

This Canadian Pattern 1915 greatcoat, manufactured by contractor W. Heller of Montreal and dated 1915, reflects the heavy wool outer garments issued to Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers during the First World War. Designed for warmth and durability in harsh conditions, the greatcoat was an essential item of field dress in the trenches of the Western Front. Contractor markings illustrate the mobilisation of Canadian industry to support wartime production and equip a rapidly expanding army.

Rare Canadian P1914 leather equipment

This rare set of Canadian Pattern 1914 leather equipment represents the early-war load-carrying system issued to Canadian Expeditionary Force troops. Produced before the widespread adoption of webbing, the leather equipment reflects pre-war British Empire doctrine emphasising traditional materials and craftsmanship. Quickly superseded by more practical woven web equipment better suited to trench conditions, surviving examples are uncommon. This set illustrates the rapid evolution of infantry equipment during the First World War as armies adapted to industrialised warfare and the realities of trench fighting.

WW1 French Model 1877 Greatcoat, 44th Bataillon de Chasseurs à Pied. From my personal collection.

This French Model 1877 greatcoat, attributed to the 44th Bataillon de Chasseurs à Pied, represents the dark blue wool outer garments worn by French infantry during the early stages of the First World War. Featuring distinctive jonquil yellow “44” regimental collar patches, the coat reflects pre-war uniform traditions before the widespread adoption of horizon blue. Such garments illustrate both regimental identity and the rapid evolution of French field dress during the conflict.

WW1 French officers uniform, Captain of the 43rd Infantry Regiment From my personal collection.

This French Model 1877 greatcoat, attributed to the 44th Bataillon de Chasseurs à Pied, represents the dark blue wool outer garments worn by French infantry during the early stages of the First World War. Featuring distinctive jonquil yellow “44” regimental collar patches, the coat reflects pre-war uniform traditions before the widespread adoption of horizon blue. Such garments illustrate both regimental identity and the rapid evolution of French field dress during the conflict.

French WW Model 1915 Adrian Helmet, Colonial Troops. From my personal collection.

French WW Model 1915 Adrian Helmet, Colonial Troops front badge. Complete with liner and chinstrap.

WW1 French M1915 Adrian pattern helmets.

This group of French Model 1915 Adrian helmets illustrates the widespread adoption of steel head protection by the French Army during the First World War. Represented here clockwise from top left are examples for Infantry, Infantry with veteran plaque, Chasseurs, North African troops, Marines, and the Foreign Legion. Branch insignia highlight unit identity, while the Adrian helmet symbolises the adaptation of armies to the realities of industrialised warfare and battlefield fragmentation hazards.

WW1 French Kepis.

This collection of French First World War képis illustrates the diversity of pre-war and early-war French military headgear across branches and ranks. Shown clockwise from top left are examples from the 5th Bataillon d’Infanterie Légère d’Afrique, 1st Regiment Chasseurs, 156th Infantry Regiment NCO, Infantry Captain, Marine Infantry, Infantry Lieutenant, 7th Artillery Regiment, 2nd Chasseurs officer, Major of the 135th Infantry Regiment, and an enlisted soldier of the 133rd Infantry Regiment. These kepis reflect strong regimental identity before the widespread adoption of steel helmets.

WW1 French M1884 Chasseur à Pied kepi – dark blue with Jonquil (Daffodil yellow) piping . From my personal collection.

This French First World War képi is for one of the 78 battalions (31 active, 31 reserve, 7 territorial alpine battalions and 9 marching battalions) active during the war. Each infantry division was supposed to consist of at least one Chasseur battalion (BCP or BACP). The Foot Chasseurs were elite light infantry regiments trained for skirmishing, infiltration tactics, and special assault tactics.

WW1 French M1897 Chasseur à Pied tunic – dark blue with Jonquil Chasseur bugles. From my personal collection.

This French pre-war Model 1897 dark blue tunic is attributed to a Chasseur à Pied Regimen Chasseur regiments wore their facings in ‘jonquil’ (daffodil) yellow. By 1915 the colourful pre-war uniforms were being replaced by teh new Model 1915 Horizon Bleu uniform.

WW1 French Model 1915 Horizon Bleu tunic, 8th Chasseur Regiment. From my personal collection.

This French Model 1915 horizon bleu tunic is attributed to the 8th Regiment de Chasseurs and represents the standard field uniform adopted by the French Army during the First World War. Introduced to replace earlier dark blue and red uniforms, horizon blue reflected lessons learned about concealment on modern battlefields. The tunic illustrates the adaptation of French military dress to industrialised warfare while retaining distinctive branch identity.

Model 1886 Lebel Bayonet “Rosalie” with Bronze Grip, Scabbard and Frog. From my personal collection.

The Model 1886 Lebel bayonet, popularly known as “Rosalie,” was introduced with the French Lebel rifle and became one of the most recognisable bayonets of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Featuring a distinctive 52cm (20 inch) cruciform spike blade and cast bronze grip, it was designed primarily for thrusting and durability in infantry combat. Manufactured at French state arsenals including Châtellerault, it remained standard issue through the First World War. This example includes its steel scabbard and leather frog, illustrating the complete field configuration carried by French soldiers.

Model 1886 Lebel bayonet ‘Rosalie’ with alloy grip, Scabbard. From my personal collection.

The Model 1886 Lebel bayonet, popularly known as “Rosalie,” was introduced with the French Lebel rifle and became one of the most recognisable bayonets of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Featuring a distinctive 52cm (20 inch) cruciform spike blade and cast bronze grip, it was designed primarily for thrusting and durability in infantry combat. Manufactured at French state arsenals including Châtellerault, it remained standard issue through the First World War. This example includes its steel scabbard and leather frog, illustrating the complete field configuration carried by French soldiers.

WW1 French “Nettoyeur de Tranchée” (Trench Cleaner) Knife. From my personal collection.

The French “Nettoyeur de Tranchée” knife was a specialised fighting knife associated with trench raiding and close combat during the First World War. Designed as a compact stabbing weapon, it reflects the brutal, intimate nature of fighting in confined trench systems. Such knives were issued or privately acquired by assault troops and raiding parties, symbolising the shift toward specialised equipment for hand-to-hand combat on the Western Front.

WW1 US Army ‘Montana Peak’ campaign Hats – artillery, infantry, signals

This group of United States Army First World War “Montana Peak” campaign hats represents the distinctive high-crowned felt hats worn by American soldiers early in the conflict. Examples shown include artillery, infantry, and signals variants, distinguished by branch insignia. The campaign hat reflected pre-war field dress traditions before the widespread adoption of steel helmets for front-line service, illustrating both branch identity and the transition to modern battlefield equipment.

WW1 United States M1917 Brodie Helmet, 1st Infantry Division. From my personal collection

This United States Army Model 1917 Brodie pattern helmet is a US produced version of the British British Brodie helmet that equipped American forces through to the early years of WW2. American units generally did not paint divisional insignia on their helmets during the war. These were generally painted by the troops post conflict, or on the boats on the way home.

WW1 US Army M1917 Brodie Pattern Helmets -with Divisional Insignia

This group of United States Army Model 1917 helmets features painted divisional insignia reflecting unit identity during the First World War. Represented are the 1st Infantry Division, 6th Infantry Division, 33rd Infantry Division, 82nd “All American” Division, a U.S. Marine example from the 1st Battalion, 6th Marine Regiment (2nd Division), and the 339th Infantry Regiment, North Russia. The British-derived helmet symbolises the adoption of steel protection and the growing importance of divisional identity in modern warfare.

WW1 US Army grouping: 87th Infantry Division, Private Joseph Dufek

Grouping attributed to Private Joseph Dufek, 87th Infantry DIvision. INcldues P1917 tunic, M1917 helmet, extra tunic, under garments, puttees, wool vest, mess tins, kit bag, belt, leather gaiters, photos, paybook, Victory Medal, certificates, and many souvenirs from service in France.

WW1 Imperial Russian M1907 field cap, from my personal collection

This Imperial Russian Model 1907 field cap represents the standard headgear worn by Russian soldiers during the First World War. Featuring the distinctive orange and black cockade badge symbolising imperial authority and a green painted visor, the cap reflects the traditional field dress of the Tsarist army. Such caps were widely worn across the vast Eastern Front and illustrate the identity and uniform traditions of Imperial Russian forces during the final years of the empire.

WW1 Imperial Russian Model 1897 wool Gymnastiorka tunic, 88th Artillery Regiment. From my personal collection.

This Imperial Russian Model 1897 wool gymnastiorka tunic is attributed to the 88th Artillery Regiment and represents the simple, practical field dress worn by Russian soldiers during the First World War. Characterised by its pullover design and stand collar, the gymnastiorka reflected the utilitarian approach of the Tsarist army. Such tunics were widely worn across the Eastern Front and illustrate both the scale of Russian mobilisation and the distinctive appearance of Imperial forces during the conflict.

WW1 Imperial Russian summer-weight medic tunic, from my personal collection

This Imperial Russian summer-weight medic tunic represents the lighter field dress worn by medical personnel of the Tsarist army during the First World War. Constructed from lighter material suited to warmer conditions, such tunics reflect the practical adaptations required for service across the diverse climates of the Eastern Front. Medical uniforms illustrate the essential role of battlefield medicine and the support services that sustained large armies during industrialised warfare.

WW1 Italian Model 1909 Grigio Verde Cap with Austrian Veteran Badges

This Italian Model 1909 cap, in distinctive grigio verde cloth, reflects the field uniform adopted by the Italian Army during the First World War. This example was taken as a battlefield trophy by an Austro-Hungarian soldier and later decorated with Austrian veteran badges, illustrating the personal and symbolic practices that often followed the war. Such items provide insight not only into military dress but also into the ways soldiers preserved souvenirs and commemorated their service after the conflict.

Italian First World War Alpini Cappello with black raven feather

This Italian First World War Alpini cappello, complete with its distinctive feather, represents the iconic headgear of Italy’s elite mountain troops. The felt hat, worn with a feather denoting unit or rank, symbolised the identity and traditions of the Alpini, who fought in some of the most challenging alpine terrain of the war. The cappello reflects the specialised equipment and strong esprit de corps of troops operating in the high mountains along the Italian Front.

WW1 Italian Pioneer (engineer) helmet with night-vision device for tunnelling

This Italian Model 1915 Adrian helmet is a pioneer (engineer) variant finished in distinctive grigio-verde paint and notable for its one-piece manufacture. Equipped with a simple tunnelling “night-vision” device — a candle holder — the helmet reflects the specialised role of Italian engineer troops engaged in trench construction, mining, and underground warfare along the Italian Front. Such adaptations illustrate the improvisation and technical demands of industrialised warfare in mountainous and fortified environments.

WW1 Italian M1909 cotton summer tunic, red/black collar. Brigada Brescia 19th and 20th Infantry Regiments. From my personal collection

This Italian Model 1909 Grigio-Verde ((Grey-Green) enlisted man’s summer weight tunic is attributed to Brigada Brescia 19th and 20th Infantry Regiments with distinctive red anc black collar tabs. The tunic reflects the traditions and distinctive identity of Italian Army units with their relatively modern appearance by comparison with many other European armies of the period.

WW1 Italian Model 1909 officer’s tunic for a Bersaglieri Lieutenant. From my personal collection.

This Italian Model 1909 officer’s tunic is attributed to a lieutenant of the Bersaglieri and features the distinctive magenta regimental collar tabs associated with Italy’s elite light infantry. Designed as pre-war service dress and worn during the early stages of the First World War, the tunic reflects the traditions and distinctive identity of Bersaglieri units. It illustrates both officer field dress and the continuity of Italian uniform styles during the transition to modern warfare.

WW1 Italian ‘Arditi’ (the daring ones) assault helmet and Arditi balaclava (worn under the helmet), from my personal collection

This Italian First World War Arditi assault helmet and accompanying balaclava represent the specialised equipment of Italy’s elite shock troops, known as the “Arditi” — the daring ones. Developed for close-quarters assault operations, the helmet offered improved protection while the balaclava provided warmth and comfort under combat conditions. The set reflects the emergence of dedicated assault units late in the war and illustrates the evolution of equipment designed for trench raids and shock tactics on the Italian Front.

WW1 Japanese P1912 field cap

This Japanese Pattern 1912 field cap represents the standard headgear worn by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army during the early twentieth century, including the First World War period. Characterised by its simple, practical design, the cap reflects Japan’s modernised military following its late nineteenth-century reforms. Such field caps illustrate the appearance of Japanese forces during overseas operations and the broader adoption of contemporary military uniform styles.

WW1 Czech Legion in Italy peaked cap

Almost certainly a replica. This First World War peaked cap, finished in Italian grigio verde, is attributed to the Czech Legion serving on the Italian Front. The cap reflects the integration of Czech volunteer units within Allied forces and the adoption of Italian uniform styles during operations against Austro-Hungarian forces. Such items illustrate both the evolving identity of the Czech Legion and the multinational character of the First World War.

WW1 Polish ‘Maciejowka’ peaked cap, Pilsudski’s Legion in Austro-Hungarian Army

This Polish “Maciejówka” peaked cap is associated with Piłsudski’s Legions serving within the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War. Characterised by its soft crown and distinctive shape, the cap became a symbol of Polish national identity and the struggle for independence. Worn by volunteers fighting on the Eastern Front, it reflects the emergence of Polish national military traditions during the collapse of the imperial order in Europe.

WW1 Imperial Russian Model 1897 wool Gymnastiorka tunic, 88th Artillery Regiment. From my personal collection.

Imperial Russian Gymnastiorka, typical of the tunics worn by both White and Red Armies during the Russian Civil War.

This Imperial Russian Model 1897 wool gymnastiorka tunic is attributed to the 88th Artillery Regiment and represents the simple, practical field dress worn by Russian soldiers during the First World War. Characterised by its pullover design and stand collar, the gymnastiorka reflected the utilitarian approach of the Tsarist army. Such tunics were widely worn across the Eastern Front and illustrate both the scale of Russian mobilisation and the distinctive appearance of Imperial forces during the conflict.

WW1 German Gewehr 98 Rifle. Mauser, Oberndorf 1914

German troops, including both regular and Freikorps irregulars, participated in the Russian Civil War, especially in teh Baltic states. The Mauser Gewehr 98 was the standard service rifle of the Imperial German Army during the First World War, produced by Mauser at Oberndorf and other arsenals. Chambered in 7.92×57mm, it featured a strong bolt action, long barrel, and excellent accuracy, reflecting German emphasis on marksmanship.

WW1 Austro-Hungarian Mannlicher Model 1895 Straight-Pull Rifle, From my personal collection

Millions of Mannlicher M1895 rifles were captured by Imperial Russian forces and were used by both sides in teh Civil War. The Mannlicher Model 1895 was the standard service rifle of the Austro-Hungarian Army during the First World War. Designed by Ferdinand Mannlicher, it featured a distinctive straight-pull bolt action that allowed rapid cycling and was chambered in 8×50mmR, later updated to 8×56mmR. Widely issued to infantry and support troops, the rifle served on multiple fronts and became synonymous with Austro-Hungarian forces during the conflict.

WW1 Australian Rifle No.1 Mk III, Lee-Enfield. Lithgow Small Arms Factory 1916

Approximately 200 Australian volunteers fought in North Russia as part of the 45th Battalion, Royal Fusiliers. Two Victoria Crosses were awarded to AUstralian soldiers during the intervetion: Corporal Arthur Percy SULLIVAN for actions at the Sheika River, and Sergeant Samuel George PEARSE for actions at Yemtsa. 

ASPI Article on the Australian involvement in the Russian Civil War

The Rifle No.1 Mk III Short Magazine Lee-Enfield was the standard service rifle of Australian forces during the First World War, with rifles produced at the Lithgow Small Arms Factory from 1912 onward. Chambered in .303 British, it combined a smooth bolt action with a ten-round magazine, enabling rapid, accurate fire. Rifles dated 1916 equipped Australian troops on the Western Front and in the Middle East, becoming iconic to the AIF.